The current situation in arid and semi-arid regions involves a multifaceted crisis that encompasses economic, food, and climate issues. It is crucial to recognize the interconnectedness of these crises and the missed opportunities that result from failing to address them comprehensively. This book aims to address these challenges by engaging in detailed discussions of each issue. It seeks to stimulate forward-looking debates that draw lessons from the past and suggest actions for the future. The book features expert opinions from scientists and distinguished individuals at both the national and state levels, along with futuristic remedial approaches to the challenges faced.