Diamane is a newly discovered carbon nanoallotrope that displays exceptional mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, and vibrational properties, which can be an asset for new technologies. This book comprehensively covers the physics, synthesis, functionalization, characterization and advanced technological applications of diamane and their functional derivatives. The recent advances in nanodiamond and related nanomaterials are discussed, along with a special focus on the use of diamane for flexible electronics, optoelectronics, quantum electronics, solar cells, supercapacitors, batteries, and next-generation energy storage devices. New updates are provided on the effect of doping and structural twist on the electrochemical performance of electrode materials based on fluorinated and hydrogenated diamane and 2D diamonds. The book also covers the physical and chemical properties of diamanes and diamanoids, including applications.