This book highlights recent advances in natural computing, including biology and its theory, bio-inspired computing, computational aesthetics, computational models and theories, computing with natural media, philosophy of natural computing and educational technology. Especially, it focuses the recent progress in the Molecular Robotics Project in Japan. This book presents extended versions of the best papers selected from the symposium "9th International Workshop on Natural Computing" (IWNC9), held in Shizuoka, Japan, in 2015. The target audience is not limited to researchers working in natural computing but also those active in biological engineering, fine/media art design, aesthetics and philosophy.