This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed joint post proceedings of the international workshop Computer Vision Approaches to Medical Image Analysis, CVAMIA 2004, and Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis, MMBIA 2004, both held in Prague, Czech Republic, in May 2004 as part of EECV 2004. The 37 revised full papers presented were carefully selected and improved during two rounds of reviewing and revision. The papers are organized in topical sections on image acquision techniques, image reconstruction, mathematical methods, medical image segmentation, image registration, and applications.