"To extract the teeth or not to extract the teeth" may not have the significance of "to be or not to be", but for 100 years, it has been a key question in planning orthodontic treatment. The extraction of permanent teeth as part of orthodontic treatment has been a topic of discussion and a clinical disagreement source for many years. Each clinician can obviously justify extraction or non-extraction decisions, case by case, specifically by demonstrating good treatment results with either option. In the textbook, we try to explain in detail extraction vs non-extraction in orthodontics.