A study of Robert Lowe (1811–1892), a philosophical radical in the utilitarian tradition, educationalist and politician. He held a number of government positions, and as vice-president of the Committee of Council on Education (1859–1864) he introduced the controversial 'payment by results' scheme, 'results' being measured by examinations and constituting the pre-condition for the payment of State grants. Mr Sylvester assesses Lowe's career and political importance, and argues for a reconsideration of his somewhat reactionary reputation.